T-Visa Psychological Evaluations (Form I-914)

Immigration Evaluations
Written By David Luddy

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Understanding the T-Visa

The T-Visa is a nonimmigrant visa specifically designed for victims of human trafficking. It allows these individuals to remain in the United States for up to four years, with the possibility of applying for permanent residency after three years. The T-Visa offers a lifeline to survivors, providing them with legal status, work authorization, and access to certain benefits.

General Overview of Eligibility Criteria for the T-Visa

Under INA § 101(a)(15)(T) and 8 CFR § 214.202 (as of 10/27/2025), an applicant must prove all four of the following elements by a preponderance of the evidence.

1. VICTIM OF SEVERE FORM OF TRAFFICKING (8 CFR § 214.206)

The applicant must prove they are or have been a victim of:

Sex Trafficking:

  • Commercial sex act induced by force, fraud, or coercion, OR

  • Commercial sex act where victim was under 18 (no force/fraud/coercion required)

Labor Trafficking:

  • Recruitment, harboring, transportation, provision, or obtaining of a person for labor or services through force, fraud, or coercion for the purpose of:

    • Involuntary servitude

    • Peonage

    • Debt bondage

    • Slavery

Key Points:

  • Trafficking does not require the victim to have actually performed the labor/services—only that they were obtained "for the purpose of" such exploitation

  • Payment of wages does not preclude a finding of trafficking

  • Statute requires acts committed "for the purpose of" trafficking, not completed trafficking

2. PHYSICAL PRESENCE ON ACCOUNT OF TRAFFICKING (8 CFR § 214.207)

The applicant must prove they are currently physically present in the United States (including territories or at a port of entry) on account of the trafficking.

This means:

  • Current presence in the U.S. must be causally connected to the trafficking

  • Even if liberated from trafficking, must still show current presence is "on account of" trafficking (e.g., receiving victim services, safety concerns, participating in investigation)

  • Trafficking can occur abroad if it results in presence at a U.S. port of entry

Departure from U.S. breaks physical presence UNLESS:

  • Continued victimization (forced departure by trafficker)

  • New incident of trafficking, OR

  • Re-entry was for participation in law enforcement investigation/judicial process

3. COMPLIANCE WITH LAW ENFORCEMENT REQUESTS (8 CFR § 214.208)

The applicant must have complied with any reasonable request for assistance in federal, state, or local investigation or prosecution of trafficking.

EXCEPTIONS (no compliance required if):

  • Victim was under 18 at the time of at least one act of trafficking

  • Victim is unable to cooperate due to physical or psychological trauma

What constitutes compliance:

  • Reporting to law enforcement (federal, state, local, tribal, territorial)

  • "Any reasonable request" assessed case-by-case considering victim's vulnerabilities

  • Law Enforcement Declaration (Form I-914B) is helpful but NOT required

4. EXTREME HARDSHIP INVOLVING UNUSUAL AND SEVERE HARM (8 CFR § 214.209)

The applicant must prove they would suffer extreme hardship involving unusual and severe harm if removed from the United States.

Standard:

  • Higher than typical hardship standards in other immigration contexts

  • Requires "unusual and severe harm"

  • Case-by-case determination based on totality of circumstances

  • Hardship to third parties may be considered only if it demonstrates the applicant themselves will suffer hardship

Common factors:

  • Psychological impact of trafficking and trauma

  • Loss of access to treatment for trafficking-related conditions

  • Safety concerns/threat of re-trafficking or retaliation

  • Age and personal circumstances

  • Family separation

  • Country conditions in country of origin

Additional Requirements

Inadmissibility Waivers:

  • Grounds of inadmissibility may be waived under INA § 212(d)(13) (trafficking-specific waiver) or § 212(d)(3) (general nonimmigrant waiver)

Standard of Evidence:

  • "Any credible evidence" may be submitted

  • Preponderance of the evidence standard applies

Derivative Family Members:

  • If applicant is 21+: spouse and unmarried children under 21

  • If applicant is under 21: spouse, children, parents, and unmarried siblings under 18

  • If present danger of retaliation (any age): qualifying family members regardless of age

The Bottom Line

T-visa eligibility requires proving:

  1. You were trafficked (sex or labor)

  2. You're here because of that trafficking

  3. You helped law enforcement or qualify for an exception

  4. Removal would cause you extreme hardship beyond normal hardship

No Form I-914B required, but it helps. Standard of proof is preponderance—more likely than not.

T-VISA Psychological Evaluations

Psychological evaluations are a vital component of the T-Visa application process. They provide an objective assessment of the mental and emotional impact of trafficking on the applicant. The evaluations are conducted by licensed mental health professionals and are used to:

  1. Document the Psychological Impact: The evaluation can detail the psychological trauma experienced, including diagnoses such as Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), anxiety, depression, and other mental health issues resulting from trafficking.

  2. Support the Hardship Claim: It helps to substantiate the claim of extreme hardship the applicant would face if removed from the U.S. This includes the risk of re-traumatization or inadequate mental health support in their home country.

  3. Corroborate the Trafficking Experience: Psychological evaluations can provide corroborating evidence that supports the applicant's testimony about their trafficking experience.

  4. Highlight the Need for Continued Support: They emphasize the necessity for ongoing psychological treatment and support as part of the applicant's rehabilitation and integration into society.

Finding a Qualified Evaluator

It's crucial for T-Visa applicants to work with mental health professionals experienced in conducting evaluations for immigration cases. These professionals understand the legal requirements and are skilled in identifying and documenting the psychological effects of trafficking.

Preparing for the Evaluation

Applicants should be prepared to discuss sensitive and potentially traumatic experiences. It's important for them to feel comfortable with the evaluator and understand that the information shared will be used to support their T-Visa application.The T-Visa offers a vital pathway to safety and stability for victims of human trafficking. A comprehensive psychological evaluation is a key element of the application process, providing critical evidence of the mental and emotional impact of trafficking. By documenting the severity of the trauma and the need for ongoing support, these evaluations play an indispensable role in the success of T-Visa applications.

T-Visa Application Process and Required Forms

Navigating the T-Visa application process can be complex, but understanding the necessary steps and forms can greatly simplify this journey for victims of human trafficking. Here, we break down the process and highlight the key forms required for a T-Visa application.

Step 1: Gather Evidence and Documentation

The first step in the T-Visa application process is to gather all necessary evidence and documentation. This includes proof of being a victim of human trafficking, evidence of any harm suffered, and documentation of your presence in the U.S. due to trafficking. It’s also the stage where you should obtain a psychological evaluation, as discussed earlier.

Step 2: Complete the Necessary Forms

The primary form required for a T-Visa application is the Form I-914, "Application for T Nonimmigrant Status." This form serves as the main application document and must be filled out accurately and completely. Along with Form I-914, the following forms and documents are typically required:

  1. Form I-914, Supplement B, Declaration of Law Enforcement Officer for Victim of Trafficking in Persons: This form is not mandatory but highly recommended. It’s a declaration from a law enforcement agency stating that you have been helpful, are being helpful, or are likely to be helpful in the investigation or prosecution of the acts of trafficking.

  2. Form I-914, Supplement A, Application for Immediate Family Member of T-1 Recipient: This is for family members who are applying to join the principal applicant in the U.S.

  3. Evidence of Compliance with Reasonable Requests for Assistance in Investigations or Prosecutions: If you don’t have the law enforcement declaration (Form I-914, Supplement B), you will need to provide other evidence of your cooperation.

  4. Evidence of Severe Form of Trafficking in Persons: This includes any evidence that you are or were a victim of trafficking, such as affidavits, medical records, police reports, court documents, news articles, or other relevant documentation.

  5. Evidence of Physical Presence in the U.S. Due to Trafficking: This can be proven through rent receipts, school records, medical records, employment records, or other relevant documents.

  6. Evidence of Extreme Hardship Involving Unusual and Severe Harm If Removed: This is where your psychological evaluation can be particularly impactful. Other forms of evidence might include affidavits from friends, family, or counselors, medical reports, or country conditions reports.

Step 3: Submit the Application

Once all forms and supporting documents are gathered, you must submit the complete package to the appropriate U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) office. There is no filing fee for the T-Visa application.

Step 4: Biometrics Appointment

After your application is received, you may be required to attend a biometrics appointment, where your fingerprints and photograph will be taken for background checks.

Step 5: Interview (If Applicable)

In some cases, an interview at a USCIS office may be required. During the interview, you will be asked questions about your application and your experience as a trafficking victim.

Step 6: Wait for a Decision

The final step is to wait for a decision from USCIS. The processing time can vary, but it's important to stay patient and maintain your current status in the U.S. while your application is pending.

The T-Visa application process is comprehensive and requires detailed documentation and evidence. By understanding the required forms and the steps involved, applicants can better prepare for a successful application. Remember, this information is general and it's always recommended to seek legal advice for individual cases.

T- Visa Research Review

The T-Visa process in the United States is designed to aid victims of human trafficking, providing them with a path to stay in the country legally and assist in prosecuting traffickers. Here's an overview of insights from recent research:

  1. Humanitarian Response vs. Prosecution Tool: The T-Visa is seen as both a humanitarian response for trafficked victims and a prosecutorial tool against traffickers. Despite being able to issue up to 5,000 visas annually, the actual number granted is significantly lower, with many beneficiaries ending up in immigration limbo (Pollock & Hollier, 2010).

  2. Challenges for Latin American Victims: Research involving legal representatives in Nebraska highlighted the trafficking experiences of Latin American victims and the complexities in applying for a T-Visa. It addressed the need for policy improvements in anti-trafficking initiatives (Novak, Kulig, & Doña-Reveco, 2021).

  3. Implementation Challenges and Social Work's Role: The current T-Visa policy faces challenges such as potential retraumatization of survivors and narrow definitions of victimhood. Social workers are suggested to have a critical role in addressing these limitations and improving the T-Visa process (Carlson, 2023).

  4. Discretionary Power and Misrecognition of Victimhood: The underutilization of T-Visas is influenced by structural barriers and the discretion of key legal actors, leading to narrow and misinformed constructions of victimhood (Goehrung & Castellano, 2023).

  5. Comparative Analysis with U Visa: The U Visa, designed for immigrant crime victims, faces similar issues with delayed implementation and a lack of clear guiding narratives, impacting the government's approach to deserving characteristics in visa applicants (Hipolito, 2010).

The T-Visa process, while designed to aid victims of human trafficking, faces significant challenges, including implementation issues, narrow definitions of victimhood, and bureaucratic hurdles. These factors impact its effectiveness in providing relief and protection to trafficking survivors. There's a growing call for reform and a more trauma-informed approach to improve this critical humanitarian program.

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